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Why complex landing gears are used instead of simple,reliability and light weight muscle wire or shape memory alloys?

2

$begingroup$

Muscle wires actuators are really simple, high power density and reliable. Landing gears on other hand are used only twice per flight while taking off and landing (if everything goes well though). During flight these machines are not useful and there are number of gear up landing because of landing gear failure.

What is so complex in landing gear?

Why electric motors/ hydraulic actuators are used instead of muscle wire actuators in landing gear which are simple, light weight, reliable and cheap?
(If it is electric power requirements, that can be achieved by supercapacitors.)

aircraft-design landing landing-gear

share|improve this question

edited 8 hours ago

SRD

asked 9 hours ago

SRDSRD

343

New contributor

SRD is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

$endgroup$

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  You may provide some links or reading about muscle wire actuator as I'm not sure how familiar is the aviation.SE community with this kind of actuator and how it is operated. Moreover, you may restrict your question to one kind of aircraft as many GA aircrafts are equipped with fixed landing gear
  $endgroup$
  – Manu H
  8 hours ago
  
  
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

2

$begingroup$

Muscle wires actuators are really simple, high power density and reliable. Landing gears on other hand are used only twice per flight while taking off and landing (if everything goes well though). During flight these machines are not useful and there are number of gear up landing because of landing gear failure.

What is so complex in landing gear?

Why electric motors/ hydraulic actuators are used instead of muscle wire actuators in landing gear which are simple, light weight, reliable and cheap?
(If it is electric power requirements, that can be achieved by supercapacitors.)

aircraft-design landing landing-gear

share|improve this question

edited 8 hours ago

SRD

asked 9 hours ago

SRDSRD

343

New contributor

SRD is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

$endgroup$

• 
  
  
  

  
  

  
  
  
  
  
  

  
  $begingroup$
  You may provide some links or reading about muscle wire actuator as I'm not sure how familiar is the aviation.SE community with this kind of actuator and how it is operated. Moreover, you may restrict your question to one kind of aircraft as many GA aircrafts are equipped with fixed landing gear
  $endgroup$
  – Manu H
  8 hours ago
  
  
  

  
  
  
  

add a comment | 

$begingroup$

Muscle wires actuators are really simple, high power density and reliable. Landing gears on other hand are used only twice per flight while taking off and landing (if everything goes well though). During flight these machines are not useful and there are number of gear up landing because of landing gear failure.

What is so complex in landing gear?

Why electric motors/ hydraulic actuators are used instead of muscle wire actuators in landing gear which are simple, light weight, reliable and cheap?
(If it is electric power requirements, that can be achieved by supercapacitors.)

aircraft-design landing landing-gear

share|improve this question

edited 8 hours ago

SRD

asked 9 hours ago

SRDSRD

343

New contributor

SRD is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

$endgroup$

share|improve this question

edited 8 hours ago

SRD

asked 9 hours ago

SRDSRD

343

New contributor

SRD is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

share|improve this question

edited 8 hours ago

SRD

asked 9 hours ago

SRDSRD

343

New contributor

SRD is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

asked 9 hours ago

SRDSRD

343

New contributor

SRD is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
Check out our Code of Conduct.

asked 9 hours ago

SRDSRD

343

1 Answer
1

active

oldest

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9

$begingroup$

Shape-memory alloys change their shape with temperature, with control usually achieved with electric heating in one direction, and back with convective heat transfer to the environment. There is one specific temperature where the change in shape occurs. There are two huge problems with this:

1. 
   

   The operating temperature range for gear actuators is huge. It may easily be below -40°C on a cold arctic night, but on a hot tropical day the sun can easily heat the structure to upward of +60°C. That means the transformation temperature must be pretty high, but that means a lot of energy has to be put to heating it, especially if the ambient temperature happens to be low on the day.

   
   
   

   Note that the actuators are not very energy efficient. A super-capacitor can give you high peak power if you need that, but will not help at all with the total energy. The work the actuator has to do is significant, so the efficiency matters.

   
   



2. Worse, a shape-memory alloy actuator requires constant power to remain at one end of the motion range and spontaneously returns to the other. However, gear must be stable in both end positions without requiring energy, so there would still have to be uplocks and separate actuator for extension or retraction (or maybe extension would be gravity-only, but then you have to ensure it gets reliably locked). Not really simple anymore.

I also don't think they actually scale to the required forces and displacements well. A 2 mm wire bends quite easily, 2 cm rod, not so much. The thicker will of course need more force to bend—which is OK—but it will also break much sooner, because the difference in strain is bigger.

share|improve this answer

edited 8 hours ago

answered 8 hours ago

Jan HudecJan Hudec

40.8k4107197

$endgroup$

add a comment | 

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9

$begingroup$

Shape-memory alloys change their shape with temperature, with control usually achieved with electric heating in one direction, and back with convective heat transfer to the environment. There is one specific temperature where the change in shape occurs. There are two huge problems with this:

1. 
   

   The operating temperature range for gear actuators is huge. It may easily be below -40°C on a cold arctic night, but on a hot tropical day the sun can easily heat the structure to upward of +60°C. That means the transformation temperature must be pretty high, but that means a lot of energy has to be put to heating it, especially if the ambient temperature happens to be low on the day.

   
   
   

   Note that the actuators are not very energy efficient. A super-capacitor can give you high peak power if you need that, but will not help at all with the total energy. The work the actuator has to do is significant, so the efficiency matters.

   
   



2. Worse, a shape-memory alloy actuator requires constant power to remain at one end of the motion range and spontaneously returns to the other. However, gear must be stable in both end positions without requiring energy, so there would still have to be uplocks and separate actuator for extension or retraction (or maybe extension would be gravity-only, but then you have to ensure it gets reliably locked). Not really simple anymore.

I also don't think they actually scale to the required forces and displacements well. A 2 mm wire bends quite easily, 2 cm rod, not so much. The thicker will of course need more force to bend—which is OK—but it will also break much sooner, because the difference in strain is bigger.

share|improve this answer

edited 8 hours ago

answered 8 hours ago

Jan HudecJan Hudec

40.8k4107197

$endgroup$

add a comment | 

9

$begingroup$

Shape-memory alloys change their shape with temperature, with control usually achieved with electric heating in one direction, and back with convective heat transfer to the environment. There is one specific temperature where the change in shape occurs. There are two huge problems with this:

1. 
   

   The operating temperature range for gear actuators is huge. It may easily be below -40°C on a cold arctic night, but on a hot tropical day the sun can easily heat the structure to upward of +60°C. That means the transformation temperature must be pretty high, but that means a lot of energy has to be put to heating it, especially if the ambient temperature happens to be low on the day.

   
   
   

   Note that the actuators are not very energy efficient. A super-capacitor can give you high peak power if you need that, but will not help at all with the total energy. The work the actuator has to do is significant, so the efficiency matters.

   
   



2. Worse, a shape-memory alloy actuator requires constant power to remain at one end of the motion range and spontaneously returns to the other. However, gear must be stable in both end positions without requiring energy, so there would still have to be uplocks and separate actuator for extension or retraction (or maybe extension would be gravity-only, but then you have to ensure it gets reliably locked). Not really simple anymore.

I also don't think they actually scale to the required forces and displacements well. A 2 mm wire bends quite easily, 2 cm rod, not so much. The thicker will of course need more force to bend—which is OK—but it will also break much sooner, because the difference in strain is bigger.

share|improve this answer

edited 8 hours ago

answered 8 hours ago

Jan HudecJan Hudec

40.8k4107197

$endgroup$

add a comment | 

$begingroup$

Shape-memory alloys change their shape with temperature, with control usually achieved with electric heating in one direction, and back with convective heat transfer to the environment. There is one specific temperature where the change in shape occurs. There are two huge problems with this:

1. 
   

   The operating temperature range for gear actuators is huge. It may easily be below -40°C on a cold arctic night, but on a hot tropical day the sun can easily heat the structure to upward of +60°C. That means the transformation temperature must be pretty high, but that means a lot of energy has to be put to heating it, especially if the ambient temperature happens to be low on the day.

   
   
   

   Note that the actuators are not very energy efficient. A super-capacitor can give you high peak power if you need that, but will not help at all with the total energy. The work the actuator has to do is significant, so the efficiency matters.

   
   



2. Worse, a shape-memory alloy actuator requires constant power to remain at one end of the motion range and spontaneously returns to the other. However, gear must be stable in both end positions without requiring energy, so there would still have to be uplocks and separate actuator for extension or retraction (or maybe extension would be gravity-only, but then you have to ensure it gets reliably locked). Not really simple anymore.

I also don't think they actually scale to the required forces and displacements well. A 2 mm wire bends quite easily, 2 cm rod, not so much. The thicker will of course need more force to bend—which is OK—but it will also break much sooner, because the difference in strain is bigger.

share|improve this answer

edited 8 hours ago

answered 8 hours ago

Jan HudecJan Hudec

40.8k4107197

$endgroup$

share|improve this answer

edited 8 hours ago

answered 8 hours ago

Jan HudecJan Hudec

40.8k4107197

answered 8 hours ago

Jan HudecJan Hudec

40.8k4107197

answered 8 hours ago

Jan HudecJan Hudec

40.8k4107197